Etikettarkiv: Pole Position Production

Samverkan människa - maskin

Förhindra åksjuka med hjälp av ljud?

Volvo Cars har tillsammans med RISE och det svenska företaget Pole Position Production gjort ett projekt med fokus på tillit och åksjuka i självkörande fordon där passagerare ska få en ljudsignal innan fordonet gör manövrar så som acceleration och skarpa svängar [1].

Tanken är att passagerarna ska hinna justera sig inför en rörelse, och resultaten har visat att passagerare både känner sig mindre åksjuka och även litar mer på fordonet. Enligt Justyna Maculewicz, som är användarupplevelsedesigner på Volvo Cars, har utgångspunkten varit i att anpassa naturliga billjud som exempelvis motorljud snarare än att använda röst- och pip-ljud för detta. Här kan ni höra ett exempel på framtagna ljudsignaler.

Vi berättade även om det här FFI-projektet innan jul, läs mer här.

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[1] Deighton, K., The Wall Street Journal. Volvo Aims to Ease the Queasiness of Riding in Self-Driving Vehicles. 2020-02-10 Länk

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Guldkorn från svensk forskning 2020

Trust in What? Exploring the Interdependency between an Automated Vehicle’s Driving Style and Traffic Situations. As the progression from partial to fully autonomous vehicles (AVs) accelerates, the driver’s role will eventually change from that of active operator to that of passenger. It is argued that this change will lead to improved traffic safety, as well as increased comfort. However, to be able to reap the benefits, drivers must first trust the AV. Research into automation has shown that trust is an important prerequisite to using automation systems, since it plays an important role in creating user acceptance and in generating a positive user experience. Moreover, for the purposes of safe AV operation, it is important that the user’s trust in the automation is appropriate to the actual capabilities of the system. One important aspect that can build user trust is to conveyvehicle capability, something which is commonly communicated via displays located in the cockpit of the vehicle. However, it has also been shown that parameters such as lateral steering also provide the driver with an understanding of the vehicle’s capability. Therefore, driving styles, or how the act of driving an AV should be conducted, may affect a user’s trust. However, little research has been conducted on the impact of driving styles in AVs in everyday traffic situations; that is, situations often encountered in a day-to-day driving context, such as stopping for a pedestrian at a zebra crossing or overtaking a moving vehicle. An experimental study with 18 participants was conducted on a realistic test course using a Wizard of Oz approach. The experiment included seven everyday traffic situations that the participants’ experienced with two different driving styles, Defensive and Aggressive driving style. The results show that characteristics of everyday traffic situations have an effect on the users trust in automated vehicles (AVs). Primarily due to perceived risks (for oneself and others), task difficulties and how the AV conforms to the user’s expectation regarding how the AV should operate in everyday traffic situations. Furthermore, the results also show that there are are interdependencies between situational aspects and how the AV driving behaviour conducts actions. Thus, the AV driving behaviour needs to be designed to operate differently depending on the traffic situation, to enable the user to create an appropriate level of trust, in relation to the actual performance of the AV. Finally, trust results from the information provided by the AV’s behaviour, what it explicitly communicates via displays, and how these factors relate to the driving context. Thus, a systems approach is necessary, in which the interaction between user and automation is key, but without neglecting the equally important contextual aspects. This study was funded by Vinnova, Sweden’s Innovations Agency, under grant number 2014-01411. The study was able to use the facilities and expertise of the full-scale test environment AstaZero through the open research grant, application number A-0025. Here you can find full paper, and for more information contact Fredrick Ekman at Chalmers (fredrick.ekman@chalmers.se) or read his licentiate thesis titled Designing for Appropriate Trust in Automated Vehicles that was publicly presented earlier this year. 

The Day 1 C-ITS Application Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory. Leveraging the growing communication capabilities between vehicles, infrastructure and other road users, applications under the C-ITS umbrella are expected to improve road safety, traffic efficiency and comfort of driving by helping the driver take decisions and adapt to the traffic situation. The Day 1 set of C-ITS applications, as defined by the C-ROADS platform build on mature technologies and are expected to be deployable and provide benefits in the short term, but what scientific evidence is there on their effectiveness and what gaps in knowledge are there? For the C-ITS Day 1 application Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory (GLOSA), these questions were addressed by a systematic mapping study (to our knowledge, the first such study to be published), conducted as part of the Nordic Way 2 project (co-financed by Connecting Europe Facility, CEF project 2016-EU-TM-0051-S), presented at the European Transport Conference 2019 and published in Transportation Research Procedia in 2020. Among the findings where that while there are many published studies evaluating GLOSA, the absolute majority collect data in simulation, focused mainly on observable effects for the equipped vehicle where fuel consumption and travel time were the most prevalent effects examined. Further, there was great variation in the effects observed (for instance, fuel consumption varied from no evident reduction to approximately 70% reduction between studies) providing little consensus in concluding the effectiveness of the GLOSA application. A possible reason for the big effectiveness variation is a lack of well calibrated models used in the simulations scenarios, especially with regard to driver and fellow road user behaviour and precision of traffic light phase shift prognoses. For more information contact Niklas Mellegård at RISE (niklas.mellegard@ri.se).

Making autonomous drive skilled in extreme situations. During 2020 Sentient finalised the development and testing of the S+ Split-μ Control function, that makes autonomous drive safe in the critical situation of braking in an emergency on split friction roads. Compared to traditional ABS, the braking distance could be reduced by up to 37% while maintaining stability. The function is available also for use in manually driven cars to aid the driver perform like expert drivers would in a split-μ situation. Watch this demonstration from the Colmis test track outside of Arjeplog. More information about safety functions developed by Sentient is available at the company’s website.

Ljuddesign som ökar tillit och minskar åksjuka i självkörande bilar. Hur kan ljuddesign höja användarupplevelsen i automatiserade fordon? Denna fråga har Volvo Cars utforskat de senaste två åren tillsammans med RISE och Pole Position Production. Projektet Ljudinteraktion i Intelligenta Bilar har tagit fram helt nya typer av gränssnitt där passageraren får information om bilens kommande beteende, samt vad i trafikmiljön som bilen fokuserar på. Signalerna låter bland annat snarlikt bilens naturliga ljud vid acceleration och fartminskning, men spelas någon sekund innan bilen agerar. Projektets studier har visat att signalerna ökar passagerarnas tillit till bilen, samt minskar åksjuka för en majoritet av passagerarna. I projektets avslutade del implementeras en prototyp av ljudgränssnittet i en Volvobil, vilket gör det möjligt att uppleva ljuden i verklig trafikmiljö. Resultat från projektet kommer presenteras vid ett seminarium hos SAFER i slutet av januari. Hör av er till projektledaren Fredrik Hagman på Volvo Cars för mer info (fredrik.hagman@volvocars.com), eller besök projektets hemsida. Projektet finansieras av Fordonsstrategisk Forskning och Innovation (FFI).

DI-PPP public and private partnership platform for quick and effective implementation of digital transport infrastructure: This pre-study is jointly financed by Drive Sweden and Trafikverket to accelerate the implementation of digital infrastructure in Sweden. The project uses the Trafikverket roadmap on connected and automated road transport system extensively to explore the synergies and to support the service development. The project defines the digital transport infrastructure from a system of systems perspective with the identification of key areas, action points, and expected achievements for the year 2021 – 2025. The project calls for both top-down and bottom-up approaches to build infrastructure that on the one hand enables applications and services fulfilling the mobility needs, and on the other hand, is built on an existing infrastructure with incremental advancement. The project calls for the establishment of a public and private stakeholder partnership platform that is long-term, proactive and progressive, with strong engagement and balanced investments among stakeholders to accelerate the infrastructure implementation. The results have been presented at the Drive Sweden thematic area digital infrastructure, and for more details and reports, please contact Lei Chen at RISE (lei.chen@ri.se).

Project CeViSS. Cloud enhanced Vehicle – intelligent Sensor Sharing (CeViSS) is a joint Drive Sweden project that has run from January to December 2020. The project was financed in part by Vinnova / Drive Sweden with partnership including Carmenta, CEVT, Ericsson, Volvo Cars and Veoneer. The primary goal of the project was to extend the previously established AD Aware Traffic Control cloud with functions to study and demonstrate how the central cloud platform can be used to collect and enhance critical traffic information before safely sharing it between automotive actors. The project successfully demonstrated how data registered by a Veoneer vehicle’s sensors, was collected, analyzed and enhanced in real-time on the central cloud level and then shared with the two project OEM partners; CEVT and Volvo Cars. Their connected cars could then take appropriate action and more precisely mitigate the hazard on their road ahead. The project also showed how the Carmenta Central Traffic Cloud could send instructions to the Veoneer and CEVT cars such as a recommended speed inside geofences (to be used by the Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)) and search requests to look for specific symbols or texts (e.g., license plate numbers). Tests were also done where the Central Traffic Cloud had direct control of on-board cameras to start sending video when the Veoneer’s test vehicle approached an accident scene. Images or live video from the scene have the potential to give 112 operators and first responders a better understanding of the situation and help dispatch the right resources as well as make a more detailed planning of the rescue operation before arrival. A series of workshops was arranged during the project with representatives from two rescue organisations to get their response on the value of the technology. Both KatastrofMedicinskt Centrum (KMC) and SOS Alarm confirmed that when planning a rescue operation as well as when organizing the work at the scene it is important to collect as much information as possible about the accident area. Images or live video transmitted from a recent accident under strict control have the potential to improve rescue operations. As the sharing of sensor data in such a way have possible privacy concerns, the legal aspects was also investigated. The results of the legal study is documented in a separate report, added as an appendix to this document. The main deliverables from the project were live proof-of-concept trials performed at several occasions with final tests successfully completed at AstaZero test track, October 19, 2020. A film documenting these tests and explaining the project results was produced and a presentation held at a webcasted Drive Sweden event on December 1, 2020 concluded the project. The project has based its work on the cloud-based platform that was created in the project ”AD Aware Traffic Control” and further extended in the project ”AD Aware Traffic Control Emergency vehicles” and the following ”AD Aware Traffic Control – Advanced Cooperative Driver Assistance” project. The project used technology in Drive Sweden Innovation Cloud and its results will be integrated in this innovation platform for future use. For more information contact Kristian Jaldemark at Carmenta (Kristian.Jaldemark@carmenta.com).

Digital Twins Are Not Monozygotic – Replicating ADAS Testing Across Simulators. Testing in simulators is an essential component in cost-efficient and effective ADAS development. Without countless hours on virtual test tracks, arguing that an ADAS is safe for use on public roads will be practically impossible. However, how can we interpret issues that are detected in a simulator? Would they generalize to the real-world environment? Would they even generalize to another simulator? In a joint study with the University of Luxembourg, RISE used search-based software testing to identify safety violations of a pedestrian detection system in TASS/Siemens PreScan and ESI Pro-SiVIC. However, when replicating the same scenario in the other simulator, the researchers found that the results often differed substantially. Consequently, the researchers recommend future V&V plans to include multiple simulators to support robust simulation-based testing. Make sure the ADAS works safely in other simulators before hitting the real-world roads! The paper pre-print is available here, for more information contact Markus Borg at RISE (markus.borg@ri.se).

Nordic initiative for transport of passengers and goods by drone (NDI): The Nordic countries are joining forces to drive the development of drone transports for both goods and passengers. The Nordic Drone Initiative (NDI) will pave the way for new sustainable business models. It can be about air-taxis, autonomous courier services or new tourist concepts. NDI is co-financed by Nordic Innovation through their Nordic Smart Mobility and Connectivity program, led by RISE and consists of 16 partners from four Nordic countries including RISE, Katla Aero, Flypulse, Kista Science City, Mainbase, LFV and Region Östergötland from Sweden; VTT, Bell Rock Advisors, Robots Expert, Business Tampere from Finland; NORCE, Nordic Edge, UAS Norway and Drone Nord from Norway; and Gate21 from Denmark. The project reference group includes Norwegian Avinor ANS and Finnish ANS. The project is welcoming partners and will collaborate with NEA – the Nordic Network for Electric Aviation to jointly plan for short- and long-haul transports with electric aircraft. For collaborations, please contact Tor Skoglund at RISE (tor.skoglund@ri.se).

Testing safety of intelligent connected vehicles in open and mixed road environment (ICV-Safe): This project is a bilateral joint effort to identify safety-critical scenarios and to develop risk assessment and mitigation methods for intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) by taking advantage of the large-scale open connected test environment in Shanghai. The project will conduct iterative case design, data collection, simulation, and open road test. The results will lay a foundation for the safe introduction of ICVs to minimize safety risks. RISE is coordinating the Swedish part with partners including Chalmers University of Technology, Alkit Communications AB, WSP AB, and FellowBot AB. The Chinese part is coordinated by Tongji University with partners including Research Institute of Highway (RIOH) Ministry of Transport, Chang’an University, Guangzhou O.CN International Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai SongHong Intelligent Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., and Beijing Tusen Weilai Technology Co., Ltd (TuSimple). Through the project, the partners are also working actively with Swedish actors in China outside the project consortium to explore synergies for further research collaborations and innovation. For more details, please contact Lei Chen at RISE (lei.chen@ri.se).

CTS – Heterogeneous project. This project aims to investigate effects of autonomous vehicle in a mixed traffic environment, i.e., the traffic where automated vehicles share roads with different types of manually-driven vehicles. Effects on traffic flow and safety are the main interests of the project. An example of upcoming activities in the project is a driving simulation study, which is planned during January-February 2021. The study aims to investigate whether there is a behavior adaptation among human drivers when they share roads with automated vehicles. This project is funded by VINNOVA, and it is within the scope of CTS (The China Sweden Research Centre for Traffic Safety), which is an on-going collaboration within SAFER’s research program. Partners on the Swedish consortium includes VTI, Chalmers, Volvo Cars, and Volvo Group; and partners on the Chinese consortium are RIOH, Beijing Jingwei HiRain, Tsinghua University, and Tongji University. Link: Heterogeneous Traffic Groups Cooperative Driving Behaviours Research under Mixed Traffic Condition | SAFER – Vehicle and Traffic Safety Centre at Chalmers (saferresearch.com).

Drivers’ ability to engage in a non-driving related task while in automated driving mode in real traffic. Engaging in non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) while driving can be considered distracting and safety detrimental. However, with the introduction of highly automated driving systems that relieve drivers from driving, more NDRTs will be feasible. In fact, many car manufacturers emphasize that one of the main advantages with automated cars is that it “frees up time” for other activities while on the move. This paper investigates how well drivers are able to engage in an NDRT while in automated driving mode (i.e., SAE Level 4) in real traffic, via a Wizard of Oz platform. The NDRT was designed to be visually and cognitively demanding and require manual interaction. The results show that the drivers’ attention to a great extent shifted from the road ahead towards the NDRT. Participants could perform the NDRT equally well as when in an office (e.g. correct answers, time to completion), showing that the performance did not deteriorate when in the automated vehicle. Yet, many participants indicated that they noted and reacted to environmental changes and sudden changes in vehicle motion. Participants were also surprised by their own ability to, with ease, disconnect from driving. The presented study extends previous research by identifying that drivers to a high extent are able to engage in an NDRT while in automated mode in real traffic. This is promising for future of automated cars ability to “free up time” and enable drivers to engage in non-driving related activities. The study was conducted by Volvo Cars and RISE in collaboration between two FFI funded projects: TIC – Trust to Intelligent Cars and HARMONISE – Safe interaction with different levels of automation. A pre-print of the paper is available here, and for more information contact Jonas Andersson at RISE (jonas.andersson@ri.se). 

Remote Driving Operation (REDO) project. Remote driving operation or teleoperated driving can support deployment, operation, and testing of automated vehicles. With advancement in wireless communication technology, this has recently becomes more feasible. In the REDO project, we are looking at different technical and non-technical aspects related to teleoperated driving, which include 1) interaction with remote operator; 2) feedback mode from vehicle to remote operator; 3) system architecture; and 4) laws and regulations. Demonstration is also planned towards the end of the project. This is a 3-year project funded by VINNOVA. The partners in the project are: VTI, CEVT, Einride, Ericsson, Ictech, KTH, NEVS, and Voysys. Link: REmote Driving Operation – REDO | Vinnova. For more information contact Maytheewat Aramrattana at VTI (maytheewat.aramrattana@vti.se).

Human factors in remote operation of heavy vehicles. Currently, most highly automated vehicles still require the presence of a human safety operator in the vehicle, and it is evident that automated driving without human “fallback” might be distant. On the other hand, having a human operator in the vehicle jeopardizes major anticipated benefits of automated driving – productivity. This is especially evident when it comes to heavy automated vehicles. To bridge this gap, stakeholders are exploring teleoperations technology, which enables highly automated vehicles to be remotely operated if necessary. But remote operation comes with its own challenges, both from technical and human behavior perspectives. In this SAFER co-financed prestudy, Scania and RISE have identified potential safety challenges and research gaps related to human behavior in the context of remote operation of heavy automated vehicles. A general view of the human factors related challenges within the remote operation topic can be summarized by highlighting phenomena such as physical and psychological distancing, screen delays, network latency delays, inefficient interface designs, and human operator’s cognitive limitations. These are not exclusive to one single operational level, or application type, and are often interrelated. A larger body of scientific work can be found related to human factors in remote operation in other domains (e.g., robotics, aerial drones, military). Some of the findings from these domains can have value for the automotive domain, however, generally design requirements are not directly transferable between domains as there are domain specific challenges. An overall conclusion from the prestudy is that human factors in remote operation of highly automated road vehicles have been somewhat neglected by industry and research community. By providing an overall conceptualization of remote operation and its complexity, a theoretical framework, a state of the art overview, and a list of gaps and challenges, the expectation is that this pre-study will stimulate more activities in the area. The recently started FFI-project HAVOC is example of such an activity. The pre study was co-financed by SAFER and conducted by Scania and RISE. Link to final report, for more information contact Azra Habibovic at RISE (azra.habibovic@ri.se).

Task Force – Hygiene procedures in test with research persons. Since the rapid outbreak and continued global spread of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in 2020, aspects of much of our day-to-day life in society has been impacted – our workplaces are no exception. Due to the novelty of COVID-19 to health officials in Sweden and around the world, standardized guidelines on how to safely proceed with business activities that require the sharing of physical spaces and/or equipment between individuals has yet to be established. In anticipation of this pandemic being an ongoing issue, a task force was assembled to help address this gap. The SAFER task force was comprised of transport industry professionals in Sweden that have a role in conducting research and testing that would currently be deemed to place individuals at risk of contracting the virus if one of the involved actors were to be an active carrier of the virus. Therefore, the goal of this task force was to help establish a set of general guidelines to consider when attempting to mitigate the risk of contagion while performing research or testing activities at our respective corporate facilities. Questions related to “How can experiments involving test persons in vehicles, driving simulators, virtual-reality studios, or similar test facilities continue?”, “What safety procedures should we consider to introduce in order to ensure proper hygiene for the individuals involved?”, “Is it required for drivers to wear a face mask?”, and “How do we implement physical distancing provisions pre- and post-experiment interviews?” were addressed. Partners in the Task Force were VTI (coordinator), Volvo Group Trucks Technology, Autoliv, Veoneer, RISE and Scania. The project was co-financed by SAFER. For more information contact Arne Nåbo at VTI (arne.nabo@vti.se). 

Forskningsprojekt, Positionering, Samhällspåverkan, Samverkan människa - maskin

Svensk forskning imponerar

Som utlovat så kommer här en sammanställning av relevant svensk forskning. Den är långtifrån heltäckande, dock inte mindre imponerande för det. Den visar på både bredd och djup samt det unika samarbetet som vi har mellan olika aktörer. Stort tack för alla bidrag! // As promised before, here comes a summary of relevant Swedish research. It is far from comprehensive, yet very impressive. It shows both depth and width, and the unique collaborative environment that we have in Sweden. Thanks to all contributors!

Sound design for self-driving cars. The recently started FFI project Sound Interaction in Intelligent Cars explores the role of sound in enhancing user experience during unsupervised autonomous driving. The work focuses on a set of design challenges that could have important effects on people’s willingness to use and buy self-driving cars, including lack of trust in the new technology and increased risk of motion sickness. For instance, the project examines the potential for sound to subtly inform users about upcoming vehicle maneuvers before they actually take place, allowing the users to better anticipate the vehicle’s imminent behavior. In addition to addressing established challenges, the project identifies and examines completely new ways to use sound and meet users’ needs in an environment where they no longer have responsibility as drivers. The work is a collaboration among Volvo Cars, RISE, and the audio production company Pole Position Production and will result in prototypes of complete sound design solutions for self-driving cars. The solutions will be evaluated with users in a VR setting as well as in a real demo car during 2020. For more information contact Fredrik Hagman at Volvo Cars (fredrik.hagman@volvocars.com). 

Adapting new city districts for autonomous vehicles. Halmstad University, together with ten other organisations in seven different countries, has received EU funding for a new research project for the development of smart cities. The project aims to facilitate the planning and development of new city districts so that they are adapted for electric autonomous vehicles. The project is called SUV (Stimulating the Up-take of Shared and Electric Autonomous Vehicles by Local Authorities) and brings together universities, transport organisations and municipalities for a sustainable development of urban environments. Halmstad University will in the project contribute with technologies for connected and collaborative autonomous vehicles. One example of such technology is the communication between vehicles, as well as between vehicles and the infrastructure. The University will also contribute with technical competence in modelling different scenarios with autonomous vehicles. Examples of these scenarios are the traffic flow in cities and how to connect autonomous driving in different environments, such as between a restricted harbour area and the public road network. Varberg municipality is also a project partner. For more information contact Magnus Jonsson (magnus.jonsson@hh.se) at Halmstad University.

System-av-system för effektiv hantering av nödsituationer. HIEM (Holistisk och integrerad nödsituation hantering med hjälp av avancerad teknik och utrustning vid trafikolyckor) är ett Vinnovafinansierat bilateralt projekt med Kina, och SoSER (System av system för effektiva räddningsinsatser och mobilitet i städer) är ett Vinnovafinansierat projekt inom system-av-system för urban mobilitet (SoSSUM). Båda dessa projekt handlar om effektiv hantering av nödsituationer men med olika fokus. I HIEM avser vi utveckla avancerad teknik för hantering av nödsituationer som inkluderar prehospital diagnostik, sjukhusval, navigering av utryckningsfordon, smart infrastrukturanpassning, kontroll av trafikflöden och hantering av trafikstockningar, trådlöskommunikation och systemintegration. I SoSEER fokuserar vi på system-av-system (SoS) och utvecklar SoS metoder för räddningsinsatser, inklusive arkitektur, modellering, simulering och integration.  Tillsammans kommer projekten att leverera ett effektivt system-av-system för räddningsinsatser som förbättrar mobilitet i städer vid trafikolyckor, och bidra till utveckling av framstående kunskapsbas i Sverige och utbildning av specialister inom området system-av-system. Både HEIM och SOSEER involverar fyra forskningsinstanser (Chalmers tekniska högskola: trafikflödesstyrning; RISE: systemintegration; Uppsala universitet: optimal ruttval; och VTI: trafiksäkerhet och nödhantering) och fyra industriaktörer (Medfield Diagnostics AB: utrustning för snabb prehospital diagnostik; H&E Solutions: fordonsutrustning för trådlöskommunikation; WSP AB: Intelligent infrastruktur och tjänsteleverantör; FellowBot AB: platsplanering för nödfordon). Det kinesiska forskarteamet leds av Changjiang Professor Wei Wang som är en av de mest inflytelserika transportforskarna i Kina med över 30 års erfarenhet inom nödhantering. Projekten kommer att pågå i tre år från 2019-04 till 2022-04 och välkomnar intressenter inom räddning och sjukvård att ta kontakt med konsortiet för diskussion och utveckling. För mer information kontakta Xiaobo Qu (xiaobo@chalmers.se) på Chalmers eller Lei Chen (lei.chen@ri.se) på RISE.

Hur upplevs olika körstilar? I slutet av FFI-projektet HaTric (Användargränssnitt för automatiserade fordon) genomförde Design & Human Factors försök på AstaZero med Wizard-of-Oz-bil från Volvo Cars. En Wizard-of-Oz-bil är gjord för att upplevas som helt självkörande, men framförs i verkligheten av en dold testförare i baksätet. Under försöket fick deltagarna uppleva två olika körstilar med fordonet som körde en bana med ett antal vanliga trafiksituationer. Fordonet körde ett varv med en mer offensiv stil och ett varv med en mer defensiv stil. Deltagarna fick skatta tillit i de olika situationerna och de intervjuades om sin uppfattning om hur fordonet uppförde sig och fungerade. Nu har vi analyserat klart resultaten från studien och några intressanta slutsatser är att människors tillit till fordonet påverkas mycket av situationerna, t.ex. om det finns oskyddade trafikanter med i situationen. Det var inte en körstil som upplevdes som mest tillitsskapande i alla situationer, men på det stora hela föredrog deltagarna den mer defensiva stilen. När det gällde deltagarnas förståelse och mentala bild av fordonet så byggde deltagarna tydligt upp en omfattande bild av hur fordonet fungerade och tänkte på baserat den väldigt begränsade input de fick. De tolkade in tekniska funktioner och komponenter, egenskaper, förmågor och till och med personlighet baserat på fordonets körning i de olika situationerna. För mer resultat, håll utkik efter kommande publikationer i Transportation Research Part F och licentiatsseminarier under hösten. Kontaktperson är Lars-Ola Bilgård (lars-ola.bligard@chalmers.se) på Chalmers. 

NPAD (Nätverks-RTK Positionering för Automatiserad Körning) är ett FFI-projekt som löper från maj 2018 till april 2020.Projektets mål är att möjliggöra Nätverks-RTK GNSS-positionering för ett stort antal mobila plattformar genom att tillämpa den standard som utvecklats av 3GPP samt anpassa Lantmäteriets befintliga infrastruktur (SWEPOS). Nätverks-RTK är en GNSS-teknologi som har potential att kunna svara mot krav på kostnad, noggrannhet och tillgänglighet. Denna teknologi bygger på att korrektionsdata från en fast referensstation kan tas emot av GNSS-mottagaren. Dagens distribution av korrektionsdata är inte byggt för en massmarknad av t.ex. automatiserade fordon eller smartphones. 3GPP arbetar nu med standardisering kring hur korrektionsdata skulle kunna distribueras via mobilnätet vilket skulle kunna möjliggöra positionering på cm-nivå för en massmarknad.  Projektet syftar till att sammanställa kravbilden utifrån automatiserade fordon, undersöka hur befintliga system för distribution av korrektionsdata skall anpassas och hur en komplett arkitektur skall se ut för distribution via mobilnätet. En demonstrator skall tas fram för att utföra tester och demonstrera tekniken dels på AstaZero och dels längs utvalda vägsträckor. Testerna skall validera den tekniska lösningen och testa både basstationsbyte och skifte mellan referensstationer.Projektet koordineras av RISE och övriga deltagare är AstaZero, Caliterra, Einride, Ericsson, Lantmäteriet, Scania, AB Volvo och Waysure. För mer information kontakta Stefan Nord (stefan.nord@ri.se) på RISE. 

Positionering på AstaZero. A0REF består av 3st Nätverks-RTK referensstationer monterade på tre olika ställen på testanläggningen AstaZero. Dessa har i samarbete mellan Lantmäteriet, MT och AstaZero placerats på AstaZero för att erbjuda referenspunkter med en noggrannhet på mm-nivå (s.k. ankarpunkter). Dessa kan sedan användas för att mäta in andra objekt på banan eller mätinstrument för att mäta på fordon, t.ex. position och hastighet, med spårbar noggrannhet. För mer information kontakta Stefan Nord (stefan.nord@ri.se) på RISE. 

Implementering av självkörande bilar: Överblick av problem och möjligheter avseende samhälleliga och etiska aspekter är ett projekt vid Institutet för Framtidsstudier i samarbete med KTH, som löper under delar av 2019 och 2020 inom ramen för Trafikverkets forskningsprogram ”Vision Zero Academy”. Som projekttiteln antyder är målet med projektet är att analysera etiska och samhälleliga aspekter avseende implementeringen av självkörande fordon. Projektet syftar å ena sidan att ge en bred överblick över vilka etiska frågor som förtjänar att belysas ytterligare. Å andra sidan kommer projektet bidra till att genomföra två djupare analyser av två sådana frågor. Först kommer vi analysera etiska maskinbeslut med avseende på självkörande fordon. Sedan kommer vi att analysera ansvarsfrågor rörande informationsflöden och människors personliga integritet. För mer information besök projektets websida eller kontakta Björn Lundgren (bjorn.lundgren@iffs.se) på Institutet för Framtidsstudier. 

Human Interaction with Automated Vehicles in Cities. This topic will be addressed in a new EU-project called Supporting the interaction of Humans and Automated vehicles: Preparing for the Environment of Tomorrow (SHAPE-IT) that will start in October 2019 and be coordinated by Chalmers. The main objective of SHAPE-IT is to facilitate safe, acceptable (and, ideally, desirable) integration of user-centred and transparent AVs into tomorrow’s mixed urban traffic environments, using both existing and new research methods, designing advanced interfaces and control strategies. This project spans three complementary facets of AV/human factors research: 1) understanding the behaviour of different road-users (inside and outside AVs) when interacting with AVs, investigating cognitive processes, predictability, trust, acceptance and safe interaction following an initial, and long-term exposure to AVs; 2) researching design strategies for the interfaces used for communication and interaction between AVs and humans (inside and outside AVs), and 3) integrating knowledge on human/AV interactions into models to perform prospective mixed traffic-AV safety assessments. As Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a core technology for AV development, in this project, we will also seek to integrate knowledge of human factors with that of AI in AV development, reducing the gap between human-factors and AI scientists, and AV software developers. Fifteen PhD-students will be performing research in the project (the recruitment is ongoing), together with their academic and industrial supervisors. For more information visit the project website or contact Jonas Bärgman (jonas.bargman@chalmers.se) at Chalmers.

Kunskapsunderlag om uppkopplade, samverkande och automatiserade fordon, farkoster och system. Under våren har Trafikanalys haft regeringens uppdrag att ta fram ett trafikslagsövergripande kunskapsunderlag som belyser utmaningar och möjligheter med uppkopplade, samverkande och automatiserade fordon, farkoster och system. Nu har detta publicerats i en rapport som hittas här. Där konstateras bland annat att utvecklingen kommer att ha störst påverkan på vägtrafiken, dels för att denna delsektor är ekonomisk störst och dels för att nyttorna blir mest påtagliga där. Det finns också risk för negativa effekter, som exempelvis risk för ökad vägtrafik som kan motverka de positiva effekterna och bidra till ett mer utspritt boendemönster och försämra underlaget för kollektivtrafik. Delat resande kommer att bli mycket viktigt för att lyckas begränsa den förväntade trafikökningen i urbana miljöer. Vidare konstateras det att utvecklingen rymmer också en rad potentiella målkonflikter; mellan ett kostnadseffektivt och integrerat transportsystem respektive samhällets sårbarhet för extrema risker, mellan enkel och effektiv datakommunikation respektive datasäkerhet, och mellan en storskalig tillgång till data för verksamhetssamordning respektive integritetsrisker. En rekommendation från studien är att det nationella ansvaret för riskhantering klarläggs och att resurser sätts av. Beaktat de osäkerheter som finns om den framtida utvecklingen konstateras att en bred palett av styrmedel kommer att behöva analyseras inför framtiden. För mer information kontakta Lennart Thörn (lennart.thorn@trafa.se) på Trafikanalys. 

Autobike – självkörande cykel. Syftet med studentprojektet Autobike är att utveckla en självkörande cykel som ska användas i testmiljöer för autonoma bilar. Innan autonoma bilar lanseras på marknaden testas de i testmiljöer för att säkerställa att de fungerar som de ska och till exempel kan väja för en cyklist som dyker upp helt oväntat.  Projektet sker i samverkan mellan Mälardalens högskola, Chalmers, AstaZero, Cycleurope och Volvo Cars. Under hösten och våren har studenterna arbetat med alltifrån val av cykel och utvecklingen av elektroniken, mjukvaran, programmeringen och mekaniken, till implementering av kontrollsystemet och testning av cykeln. Att få cykeln att balansera var inte det enklaste. Utvecklingen fortsätter efter sommaren. Här och här hittas mer information. 

V-Com. It is a precautionary system that communicates safety-critical information between truck drivers and vulnerable road users that was presented by six final year MSc students from Blekinge Institute of Technology and Stanford University together with Volvo Group Connected Solutions and its Silicon Valley based Innovation Lab Hub at this year’s Stanford EXPE – design experience. In Stanford’s capstone project, ME310, which runs from October to June, they move in a Design Thinking process through phases of needfinding, ideation, prototyping and more to arrive at a final detail designed product to display at the final exhibition, the EXPE. V-Com is a system of sensing, computation and communication components that the students mounted as an add-on on a truck. For more information visit this site or contact Jenny Elfsberg (jenny.elfsberg@volvo.com) at Innovation Lab Hub US at Volvo Group.